Geological Formation Process: It all begins in ancient oceans or lakes. After large quantities of organic matter like plankton and algae die, they settle at the bottom and mix with sediment to form organic-rich layers.

Decomposition of Organic Matter: Over time, as overlying sediments accumulate, the temperature and pressure in the bottom layers continuously increase. In an oxygen-deprived environment, this organic matter first transforms into a waxy substance called “kerogen”.

The Role of Heat, Pressure, and Time: As the burial depth further increases, temperature and pressure continue to rise.

Within a specific temperature and pressure range (the “oil window”), kerogen undergoes thermal cracking, generating liquid petroleum and gaseous associated gas.

If the temperature and pressure continue to rise beyond the oil window (into the “gas window”), the previously formed oil will further crack into lighter hydrocarbons, ultimately forming mainly natural gas (non-associated gas). Click here to learn more